Reconstruction

The taking of the mule.

On 15 December 1871, George Washington Stanton (1835-1894) of Stantonsburg filed Claim No. 10296 with the Southern Claims Commission, seeking reimbursement for the value of a mule taken by General William Sherman’s troops in April 1865. All claimants, in addition to submitting supporting depositions, were required to respond to a 43-question interrogatory primarily aimed at establishing their steadfast loyalty to the Union. In response to #17, which asked who the leading area Unionists were during the War and whether they would testify on his behalf, Stanton responded: “Messrs. Wily Daniel, Spencer Fountain, John & Stanley & Colonel John Wilkinson. John Wilkinson and a colored man, Henry Stanton, are the only witnesses I can now obtain.”

Henry Stanton, called “Harry,” gave two depositions in G.W. Stanton’s support. Though not stated, Harry had been enslaved by G.W. Stanton’s father, Washington M. Stanton, who died in the 1850s, and later by his mother Gatsey Truitt Stanton. About G.W.’s loyalty, Harry swore:

“I come to testify to the loyalty of George W. Stanton. I have known him from his birth. I lived with him, excepting the first year, during the war. Yes, in this way — I could say little, but when I heard Mr. Stanton talked it was that he was against it – that he never meant to go into it, and he never did go into it. We colored folks had not much mainland with white folks to hear what they had to say; but I always could hear Mr. Stanton stand up for the ‘old government.’ Only what I have stated. I heard him tell men who came up after hogs that he never would go. I never did. I had only heard him talk in favor of the Union. I heard Dr. Ward say that Mr. Stanton held himself as a Union man, but that he was as much after his black ones as he (Ward) was for his’n. What I could hear from white folks was that Mr. Stanton ‘had pulled his self away from them.’ and I know that all we black folks felt proud of him because he would not go into the war. Alvin Bagley, Amos Owens, and Col. Wilkinson — Rufus W. Edmondson was, for while, looked upon as a Union man, but he gave up afore the war ended. [Q.: Were you, yourself, an adherent of the Union cause during the War?] Of course I was — that I was ‘from the jump’! [Q.: Do you know of any threats, molestations, or injury inflicted upon the claimant or his family, or his property, on account of his adherence to the union cause?] I heard Joshua Walston and Bill Burrows threaten that he would be arrested. I heard Mrs. Barnes say that her son was killed for the honor of his country and that if she was a young girl she would not marry George Stanton to save his life. Mrs. George Stanton was left by herself by the other ladies of her neighborhood on account of her husband. [Q.: Do you know of any act done or language used by the claimant that would have prevented him from establishing his loyalty to the Confederacy?] I do not know how to answer that question,” and further deponent saieth not.    Harry (X) Stanton

About G.W.’s property loss, Henry testified:

“My name is Harry Stanton, my age is 48 years, my occupation is farming and my residence is in Greene County, and my P.O. address is Stantonsburg, Wilson County, N.C. I, being a colored man, am not related to claimant, and have no interest in his claim. I was ploughing in the field with Mr. Stanton’s mules when they took him. Fifteen or twenty Union soldiers rode up to the field, and one came riding up to me in the field, and said Howdy Uncle Sam, I told him howdy. He asked me was that a good mule. I told him he was good but old — I thought I could get him to leave him, as he was all we had got. He ordered me to take him out. I took him out, and he made me lead him down to the gate where the crowd was. He put a little colored boy [Alfred Stanton] on the mule, and the mule throwed him three times but they kept throwing him on, but they made the boy ride him down to Kinston. The boy came back and told me that they sent or gave him liberty to come back — that he was a free man. Mrs. Stanton called me to bring the mule to the house, but the soldiers would not let me, so that he carried him off. That mule was the only ‘work creeter’ Mr. Stanton had at the time; and that is all I know about the taking of the mule,” and further deponent saieth not.  Harry (X) Stanton

Alfred Stanton testified:

“My name is Alfred Stanton, my age is 21 years, occupation is a carpenter, my residence is in Wilson County, N.C. I am not related to the claimant and have no interest in his claim. I was not present when they took the mule out of the plow but I met them on the road and Uncle Harry was leading the mule. The Soldiers ordered me to get on the mule. I was afraid of the mule, but the[y] bade me get up. I had to carry the mule to Kinston, Lenoir County, N.C. The soldiers there took him from me and put him in a lot. There were other horses and mules in the lot. I saw the mule there next morning. The mules was taken by United States Soldiers. I know they were called Yankee Soldiers. They had blue clothes. I left Kinston next morning and came home. I did not see the mule after this.” This is all the boy remembered about it — he was then only 12 years of age, and took no notice of what he heard the soldiers say, and further deponent saieth not.    Alfred (X) Stanton

——

Though he was surely living, Henry Stanton is not listed in the 1870 census. According to his son Archibald Stanton’s Greene County marriage license, Henry died before 1878. He was survived by wife Mariah Stanton.

In the 1870 census of Stantonsburg township, Wilson County: Ellic Respess, 21, Linah Respess, 35, and Alfred Stanton, 18. Alfred Stanton, 21, married Sarah Harris, 21, on 2 January 1873 at G.W. Stanton’s home. Stanton, a justice of the peace, performed the ceremony.

To move the mule the roughly 30 miles to Kinston, Alfred Stanton likely took the road through Snow Hill that was the predecessor to highway NC 58.

He pointed the gun directly at him.

Wilson N.C., Sept 7, 1867

Lt. J.F. Allison, Goldsboro N.C.,

Sir, Yours 2nd Inst. asking information as to the particulars of the Complaint made against Calvin Barnes Col’d & the circumstances causing his arrest & imprisonment. In Reply the warrant issued for this arrest was granted upon the oath of Edward Gordon a young man of respectability that he was assaulted by Calvin Barnes with a Gun while on his way from school to his place of residence some three miles in the Country, the provocation upon his (Gordon’s) part being that he ordered this man Calvin Barnes off the land of Joshua Barnes, the gentleman with whome he lives, having discovered him in the act of trying to shoot some of the said Joshua Barnes’s hogs, his attention being drawn by the hogs hurdling up & eating some corn that had been thrown to them to attract them & seeing this man Calvin Barnes standing by the field fence near the hogs, he asked him what he was doing there, whereupon the said Calvin leveled his Gun at him as in the act of shooting when Gordon jumped behind a tree. Calvin advanced upon him he ran off towards home & Calvin pursued for some distance threatning & abusing. He (Gordon) testifies that he has known Calvin for 3 or 4 years that he lived upon the farm adjoining the one on which he lived for this length of time & that he is positive as to it being him. Upon the trial of the case before the Magistrate, Calvin denied the fact of its being him, & reported that he was at the shop of one Isaac Strickland Col’d. in this place from 10 or 11 o’clock AM of that day until about two hours in the night which he proved by the oath of the said Isaac Strickland, whose testimony was slightly varied upon cross examination, E. Jennings Piggott Eqr. testified that Calvin Barnes whome he recognized as the person under arrest, worked at his house until 12 o’clock of that day & Edward Gordon upon second Examination testified that he returned to town immediately after this occurrence & called at the shop of Isaac Strickland (above refered to) about twilight & made Enquiry for Calvin Barnes & was informed by some one whome he did not recognize, and in the presence of Isaac Strickland that Calvin Barnes had just come up from the Rail Road & had gone on home some fifteen minutes since, (the assault was made on the Rail Road about 1 ½ miles from this place). The Magistrate committed him to jail for the lack of security on a Bond of One Hundred Dollar for his appearance at the next term of our Court. He gave Bail on yesterday & was was discharged from jail. Any other information that may be desired I shall be pleased to furnish.

I am Very Respectfully Your Obdt Servt., Jos. W. Davis, Shff, Wilson Co

——

Calvin Barnes 1Calvin Barnes 2

Wilson N.C. Nov 14 1867

Major C.E. Compton, Goldsboro N.C.

Dear sir, Your favor 2nd Inst just read. In reply to a communication from Lieut. J.F. Allison dated Sept’r 2 1867 I gave the particulars of the arrest & the evidence upon the preliminary examination of Calvin Barnes Col’d & of his committal to Jail. He remained in jail only a few days, was discharged on the 4th Sept. upon giving bond for his appearance at the Oct. Term of our County Court. The case was called on Thursday 31st & the only Witness introduced was Edward Gordon the young man upon whome the assault was made & who is a gentleman of unimpeached veracity of the highest respectability. He testified that as he was going to his place of residence about 4 miles distant from this place in the latter part of August (probably the 28th) his attention was attracted by a number of hogs that was hurdled in the field near which he was passing belonging to the gentleman with whome he was living (Genl. J. Barnes) & while his attention was drawn to them he saw corn thrown to them by some one concealed in the briars & bushes about the fence & upon closer examination he saw some body squatted in the bushes with a gun in hand that he spoke to the person and asked what he was doing there, whereupon the boy Calvin Barnes came out and pointed the gun directly at him & in a threatning manner. He (Gordon) thereupon jumped behind some bushes & ran off & was pursued some Two Hundred yards by Calvin Barnes, that soon thereafter he heard the gun discharged & he shortly returned to town & learned that Calvin Barnes had just returned from the direction where this thing occurred.

I will take the liberty of saying that there can be no doubt about the identification of this defendant as young Gordon has lived on the adjoining plantation to where he lived for several years & is familiarly acquainted with him & also that he (Calvin Barnes) does not where he is known to bear a very enviable character.

I have embodied in a report made out this forenoon the particulars of his Escape from the Custody of the Jailer after his conviction & sentence, which will reach you with this.

I am Very Respectfully, Your Obdt. Servant, Jos. W. Davis, Shff, Wilson Co.

[I have not yet located the report of Barnes’ escape.]

North Carolina, Freedmen’s Bureau Field Office Records, 1863-1872, http://FamilySearch.org; Records of Assistant Commissioner of the State of North Carolina, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, Record Group 105, National Archives; Freedmen Bureau Records of Field Offices, 1863-1878 [database on-line], Ancestry.com.

A lazy indolent virago.

Stantonsburg July 8 1867

Mr J F Allison

Sir, Yours of July 1 has been received for several days. I have delayed answering it to get all the particulars concerning Lenard Forbs & Serena‘s his wife case. I have inquired of both white and colored persons living on the farm and from the information that I can gather She left Lenard. I understand that she has been threatening leaving him for some time & she has not cooked or washed for him in some time although she lived in the same house with him. Lenard has been sick for a month & I understand that she would neither cook nor wash for him during his illness. I understand that she goes off at any time & stay sometime for a week without his knowledge or consent & the last time she went off & returned she swore that would never cook or wash for him again. Although Lenard tried to persuade her to go home and chore herself. I am personally acquainted with the dispositions of Lenard & Serena. Lenard is a good natured fellow & is willing to get along in any way without a fuss but Serina is a lazy indolent virago compounded with saltpeter & brimstones. She has not earnt ten dollars since she became free. Lenard has her clothes to perchase from store & Lenard has carried to his house this year 200 lbs N[illegible] Mess Pork 174 lbs G[illegible] pork & he raised a hog weighing 102 lbs & I understand that she has made way with all except one p[illegible] weighing (20 lbs) twenty pounds. She has been suspicious of caring his provisions off to other parties. I think Lenard would live with her again provided he could make her stay at home and attend to his domestic affairs & if you wish any more information conserning the case I will furnish you with all that I can or you can find out all about them from the Col men living on the farm which I will  give you any information you may want &c. Hoping that this will give you the necessary information concerning this I remain yours truly  J.B. Stallings

To Luit J.F. Allison, Goldsboro N.Car.

——

Junius B. Stallings, 39, farmer/physician, appears in the 1870 census in Stantonsburg township, Wilson County. Neither Lenard nor Serena Forte appears in the county.

Freedmen Bureau Records of Field Offices, 1863-1878 [database online], http://www.ancestry.com. Original documents in Records of Field Offices, State of North Carolina, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen & Abandoned Lands 1865-1872 (National Archives Microfilm Publication M1909, Record Group 105, National Archives, Washington, D.C.)

Captain George O. Glavis’ district.

On the Freedmen’s Bureau “court day” in Wilson County:

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Colonel Eliphalet Whittlesey, the Freedmen’s Bureau’s first assistant commissioner for North Carolina, appended to his Congressional testimony an unattributed article from the 3 February 1866 edition of the New York Tribune, in which the writer chronicled his train voyage through the South. Found in The Reports of the Committees of the House of Representatives, Made During the First Session Thirty-Ninth, 1865-’66.

I need all that belongs to me.

Wilson County N.C. Aug 9th/67

Maj. C.E. Compton

Commanding Post

Goldsboro N.C.

Respected Sir I take the privilige of writing you a few lines concerning a little matter of importace to me last Spring Richard Brown a freedman my cousin come to me to Board him a short time until he could dip out some Turpentine, which he was making. I did so & as soon as he diped his Turpentine he sold it and went off and never paid me any thing at all, he has no familey to feed I have a large family to take care of & my Father also, & he is Richards grand father Richard has not any property that can be reached by Execution but he can pay me if he would, he is owing me $19 dollars for Board, andc. I hope that you will take some action in the premises So that I can get my rites as I so much nead all that belongs to me

Richard lives in the Town of Wilson

By doing so you will much oblige & help me

Respectfuly

Sampson Bailly

——

Neither Sampson Bailey nor Richard Brown is found in the 1870 census of Wilson County. However, Bailey may have been the Samson Bayley who enlisted in Company H, 14th U.S. Colored Heavy Artillery on 8 March 1865 in New Bern, North Carolina. He was 33 years old, a farmer, and born in Johnston County.

Records of Assistant Commissioner of the State of North Carolina; Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands; Record Group 105, National Archives; Freedmen Bureau Records of Field Offices, 1863-1878 [database on-line], Ancestry.com.  U.S. Colored Troops Military Service Records, 1863-1865 [database on-line], Ancestry.com

His wife raised him almost like a white child.

Wilson N.C.

Jany 5th 1865.

Col. Whittlesey

Col.

Moses Daniel (Freedman) reported to the Superintendent of Freedmen at Goldsboro that his former master Jacob Daniel a highly respectable citizen of this County refused to give to him his child Bob – whereupon the Superintendent Geo. O. Glavis ordered Mr. Daniel to give the child up and Mr. Daniel to obey the order & prevent any disturbance gave the boy up. He now appeals to you to have the boy restored to him. He is willing to have the boy bound to him and will do all in that regard that may be required. The following circumstances are the bases on which he makes his appeal. The mother of this boy Bob never had any husband and died when the boy was not over six months old. The Man Moses was the slave of Mr. Daniel and had a wife by whom had children at a neighbors (Mr. Farmers.) It may be that Moses is the father of the child but if so it is an illegitimate one. The Boy Bob has been raised by Mr. Daniels wife almost like a white child – and was esteemed highly and has never evinced any desire to leave his home. He is now about 15 years of age. The Reputed father by reason of the order aforesaid has taken the boy and hired him as common laborer to a Mr Barefoot in this County, as Mr. Daniel has been informed.

Common justice it is thought would restore the boy until he is twenty one to the one who has been at all the trouble and expense of raising him. Your Kind offices are respectfully prayed for in behalf of Mr. Daniel.

By Your Obt Servant     G.W. Blount

——

Farmer Jacob Daniels, 64, appears in the 1870 census of Black Creek township, Wilson County. There is no Bob or Moses Daniel in Wilson County, but in adjoining Nahunta township, Wayne County: Moses Daniel, 27, wife Clarkey, 40, plus Smith, 18, Harry, 21, and Jane Daniel, 10.

Records of Assistant Commissioner of the State of North Carolina; Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands; Record Group 105, National Archives; Freedmen Bureau Records of Field Offices, 1863-1878 [database on-line], Ancestry.com.

Framing Bill Grimes.

Here is a fuller — and more lurid — account of the Bill Grimes incident:

Wilm_Morning_Star_9_1_1868_Bill_Grimes

Wilmington Morning Star, 1 September 1868.

As set out in Lowcountry Digital History Initiative’s on-line educator resource material, on November 10, 1868, in an article entitled “Spirit of the Southern Democracy,” the Cincinnati Daily Gazette ran an unattributed excerpt from a letter :

“A gentleman writing from Edgecombe county, North Carolina, to a friend in Philadelphia, on the 28th ult., says: ‘Cases are frequently reported to me of physicians refusing to attend the sick, because their relatives were Republicans, or expressed their intention to vote for Grant and Colfax. One man came into my office and told me that his little boy died on Monday for want of medical aid. No physician in the part of the country where he lived would attend the boy, because he was a Radical; one store keeper kept him from eight o’clock in the morning until two o’clock in the afternoon, and would not sell him any thing, because he persistently said he would vote for Grant. One man asked me to send for a Northern physician, because the faculty of the country would not attend his wife, and she was at the point of death. Did I tell you about the affair in Wilson county, a few weeks ago? The authorities, all rebels, and equal to Ku-Klux, arrested a colored man named Grimes, on the charge of burning a barn, but Grimes proved himself to any reasonable and unprejudiced mind perfectly innocent. But he is the leader of the Union League, and they wanted to rake him up, as he had made a severe speech against them and in favor of the Radicals the day before. A delegation of colored men came for me twenty miles. I went.

“‘I asked for a hearing for Grimes in my presence. It was not granted. I offered to bail him. This offer was rejected. A rebel drew his revolver on me in the court house, behind my back. Some one more prudent stopped his shooting. I left, telling them I would have Grimes out, and the next morning they released him to prevent my having the gratification of doing it, so I was told. Grimes wouldn’t promise them to vote for Seymour and Blair, but the next day he raised a company and went to the Raleigh Convention.'”

——

The gentleman from Edgecombe County was not identified.

Who comprised the delegation of colored men?

Former New York governor Horace Seymour was the Democratic nominee for President in 1868. He lost to Ulysses S. Grant. Francis P. Blair of Missouri, Seymour’s vice-presidential candidate, gained notoriety for stump speeches in which he cast pro-Reconstruction Republicans as a “a semi-barbarous race of blacks who are worshipers of fetishes and poligamists” and wanted to “subject the white women to their unbridled lust.”

The “Raleigh Convention” was the state nominating convention.

She commenced giving me some slack jaw.

Agent of Freedmans Bureau

Dr Sir

A few days ago a negro Woman refused to obey an order I gave her about cooking some Tomatoes. I ordered her again. She very violently refused to obey. The land lady was absent at the time. After a lapse of two hours She returned I told that I intended to give her a good whipping if she did not Cook them. The negro was standing out a few feet from the door and commenced giving me some “slack jaw” where upon I gave her a good beating by kicks and knocks.

Being a stranger to you and to your mode of proceeding and learning that you had jurisdiction in this County I address you this letter, becoming informer against myself and holding myself amenable to your order whenever called upon or to the civil authorities I care not which. So there is but one to whom I must answer for the offense if I have committed any.

It is my opinion that you had better come up as you can by Enquiry find many who condemn the act, Justify the negro and blame me for the Course I pursued. While I have never been raised to take a taunt from a white man and can certainly never become so loyal as to take it from a negro, while I honest profess to be as loyal as any Extremist in this Country I was an Original Cessession. I have been whipped in a Contest of Arms, after the surrender of Genl Lee I accepted the situation as it was. I took an oath of allegiance to the United States Government by that I have abided. You will please write me if you wish me to appear at Goldsboro and if you wish any reference you can apply to J.J. Baker, C.A.W. Barham, Dr. Wm. H. Thompson, Dr. J.W. Davis of Goldsboro & J.J. Lutts Esqr. of this place.  Let me hear  from you soon.              Very respectfully, R.G. Barham M.D.

——

Virginia-born physician R.G. [Roscoe G.] Barham was 25 years old when the 1860 census of the town of Wilson was taken. He died about 1880.

Freedmen Bureau Records of Field Offices, 1863-1878 [database on-line], http://www.ancestry.com.

A contract to throw out marl.

C Bone re Jourdin Artis

Black creek NC May the 20 1867

Bureau of Refugees Freedmen

Dear, sir your dispatch just come to hand last night after dark, the post master sais it never reached hear until saturday last. Jourdin Artis took a contract of digin 26,000 bushels of marl sometime last summer & comenced but did not threw out half the quantity he engage to throw out & become in debt & quit the Job & has now called on me for asettement yet neither I have not Sean him since about that time I should of gone to your office to day but I am so very busy in my farm. I am wating to hear from you & do as you advise.           Yrs Verry, Respectfully.  Calvin Bone

——

Forty year-old white farmer Calvin Bone headed a household in the 1860 census of Black Creek township, Wilson County. (He also appeared in the slave schedule as the owner of one black woman, aged 36.) There were two Jordan Artises listed in censuses of communities near Black Creek in 1860: (1) in the census of Buck Swamp township, Wayne County, 30 year-old Jordan Artis is listed in the household of his parents Vinson and Clarky Artis, (2) in the census of Saulston township, Wayne County, 27 year-old Jordan Artis in the household of his mother Olive Artis.

“Marl” is a loose or crumbling earthy deposit (as of sand, silt, or clay) that contains a substantial amount of calcium carbonate, i.e. lime. It was commonly used a fertilizer.

North Carolina Freedmen’s Bureau Assistant Commissioner Records 1862-1870, http://www.familysearch.org.

I think a school would be sufficiently supported.

Wilson Co schools

In a letter to Brevet Lt. Col. Charles E. Compton, Assistant Commissioner of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands (better known as the Freedmen’s Bureau), Israel Barden provided information about the state of education for freedmen in Wilson County. There were two schools, he reported, one at Joyners Depot (later Elm City) and one in Wilson, and support for a new school building would justify its expense.

Records of Assistant Commissioner of the State of North Carolina; Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands; Record Group 105, National Archives; Freedmen Bureau Records of Field Offices, 1863-1878 [database on-line], Ancestry.com.