On 31 January 1864, Gilbert Hadley enlisted in the United States Colored Troops in Washington, North Carolina. Born in what is now Wilson County about 1844, Hadley likely was enslaved by Thomas J. Hadley III (who held dozens in bondage) or IV.
Hadley was mustered into service at Norfolk, Virginia, by “Capt. Gould,” the officer who was responsible for processing and swearing in hundreds of newly freed individuals and volunteers enlisting in the United States Colored Troops.
Hadley did not return to Wilson County after he mustered out of service.
On 7 March 1867, Gilbert Hadley married Margaret Singleton in New Hanover County, N.C. John Hadley and Richard Smith served as bondsmen and R.B. Wood Jr. as witness. (John, who enlisted with him, appears to have been his brother.)
Hadley led a turbulent life, and his name regularly appears in Wilmington newspaper accounts of violence and petty crime. (But also an industrial accident.)
On 27 May 1871, a paper reported he had been arrested to face malicious mischief charges in neighboring Brunswick County.
On 4 February 1873, Gilbert Hadley, 25, of Wilmington, N.C., son of Moses and Venus Hadley of Goldsboro, married Mary Ann Moseley, 26, of Wilmington, daughter of Robert and Nannie Moseley, both deceased, in Wilmington.
In April 1873, he received minor injuries when struck by debris from a boiler explosion while sawing wood nearby.
In September 1873, as police attempted to arrest Hadley for beating his wife, he fought the officer and escaping over a fence.
Wilmington Star-News, 3 February 1873.
A 28 November 1875, a paper reported that Hadley had been discharged from a chain gang for good behavior.
In the 1875-76 Sheriff & Company’s Wilmington, N.C., city directory:
In August 1876, Gilbert and Mary Hadley were charged with disorderly conduct after a public argument.
Wilmington Star-News, 9 August 1876.
In October 1883, Hadley was charged with assault and battery on Sarah Robinson.
In November 1883, Hadley was one of seven prisoners who broke out of jail in Wilmington. Hadley jumped a fence, but was immediately captured. The following month, he was sent to a workhouse.
On 23 June 1885, a newspaper reported Hadley had been arrested for stealing a pair of shoes from a Wilmington store. (Allegedly, he tried on and bought a pair and, in the meantime, slipped another pair into a basket.) In July, Gilbert Hendricks, alias Gilbert Hadley, was convicted of larceny and sentenced to two years in the state penitentiary.
In the 1890 federal veterans’ census schedule of New Hanover County, N.C.: Gilbert Hatley, Private, 37 U.S. Infantry, 1863-1866.
In the 1900 census of Wilmington, New Hanover County: Gilbert Hadley, age unknown, laborer; wife Susan, age unknown; and mother Amanda Juitt, age unknown, laundress.
On 18 May 1904, Gilbert Hatley and Susan Robinson were married in Wilmington. (This appears to be the Susan who lived with him in 1900.)
Within weeks of the Confederate surrender, Tom Barnes voluntarily enlisted in United States Army in New Bern, North Carolina.
Barnes joined Company B of the 14th Heavy Artillery, United States Colored Troops. The company descriptive book described him as 18 years old; five feet four inches tall; with black complexion, eyes, and hair. He was born in Wilson County and worked as a farmer.
It’s not clear if Barnes freed himself prior to the end of the war or took off immediately after Emancipation. The muster contains a curious remark: “Enlisted previous to G.O. No. 38 C.S. Dept. of N.C. stopping recruiting & has never been mustered in until the present time.”
In May 1865, the Civil War was over, but the Union Army still needed men to secure the South, guard strategic coastal forts, and maintain order. However, because the war was winding down, the federal War Department ordered local departments to strictly regulate and taper off recruitment. Under Major General John Schofield’s Union Department of North Carolina, General Orders No. 38 (Current Series, 1865) authorized recruitment and enlistment protocols during this transitional post-surrender period.
G.O. Number 38 granted mustering officers in New Bern the explicit authority to accept Tom Barnes and other newly freed men into federal service in an army of occupation, even as other parts of the Union Army were preparing to demobilize. Stationed at defense sites like Fort Macon (near Beaufort, North Carolina) and the fortifications around New Bern, Company B was tasked with rebuilding and guarding North Carolina’s coast. The unit spent the rest of 1865 and early 1866 dismantling Confederate defenses, guarding government property, and protecting newly freed communities during the earliest days of Reconstruction. The 14th U.S.C.T. was formally mustered out of military service in December 1865.
I have not found trace of Tom Barnes after his military service.
Not Wilson County, but close enough to highlight. Many fewer Wilson County men served in the United States Colored Troops than men from Greene County, but I have told their stories when known.
Hat tip to Digg Prodgen’s descendant Keisha Barnes.
At April Term 1863, Jacob, John, Nancy, Betsey, Delaney, and Patience Bass petitioned Wilson County Court of Pleas and Quarter Sessions to divide four enslaved people they inherited from Jacob S. Barnes in common — Nancy, Piety, Martha, and John.
On 29 May 1863, Jacob or John Bass wrote Ephraim Bass from a Confederate camp near Greenville, North Carolina. He asked for news of family, but seemed focused on pressing business: “I want you to rite me when them negroes is to be sold and I will Try to get a pass to come home at that time.”
Chafing at his brother’s inaction, on 1 July 1863 J. Bass wrote an unnamed brother-in-law. After sharing news of camp conditions and asking about family, he circled back to his earlier query: “I wante you to rite to mee Whate Ephreigm has don with them negros, Whether hee has soold them or not if hee hante rite to mee when hee is I goin to sell them mabey I can gite the chanse to come to the sale.”
On 25 July 1863, Ephraim Bass reported that he sold John and Martha and her daughter Charity at public auction, where the high bidders were John Bass for John at $1005 and S.M. Thomas for Martha and Charity for $2000. There is no indication of what happened to Nancy or Piety.
Estate of Jacob Barnes (1862), Wilson [County, North Carolina] Probate Estate Case Files 1854-1959, http://www.familysearch.org.
Philip Fort did not live in Wilson County, but his daughter Hannah Forte Artis and her husband Walter S. Artis owned property in and around Stantonsburg, and that’s enough of a hook for me.
Stantonsburg Fort: Phillip Fort and the 135th Regiment of the U.S. Colored Troops, a children’s book, is a fictionalized account of the life of Phillip Fort, an enslaved man who joined the Union Army during the Civil War. Fort was born in far northeast Wayne County, near Eureka. (An area that now has a Stantonsburg zip code.) It is not the book I would write (but, then, I haven’t written a book, have I?), but it is an appealing introduction for young people to the role of the U.S. Colored Troops and an intriguing example of what can be done to bring historical material to a broader audience.
Last week, Wilson County Genealogical Society presented a program on the 135th Regiment of the United States Colored Troops featuring local descendants of Jack Sherrod, whose farm lay just across the Wayne County line and whose family had close Wilson County ties.
Wilson Times, 5 March 2024.
Thank you, Leonard P. Sherrod Jr., for bringing this event to my attention.
Daily Southerner (Tarboro, N.C.), 28 October 1921.
William Dorsey Pender, Confederate major general, was born near Pender’s Crossroads in what is now northwest Wilson County. He died after a shrapnel wound to the thigh at Gettysburg. Almost 60 years later, his nephew James Pender was anxious to set the record straight about who had been his body servant.
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Turner Pender — Turner Pender died 1 April 1924 in State Lunatic Asylum, Austin, Travis County, Texas. Per his death certificate, he was about 83 years old; and was born in an unknown parents in an unknown place.
Did you know Wilson was the site of a Confederate hospital?
Its remnants stand at the corner of Lee and Goldsboro Streets.
In 1954, North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources’ North Carolina Highway Historical Marker Program installed a marker near the original site of the hospital, and the agency’s website features the startling essay below.
“The Confederacy organized its Medical Department late in 1861 and within months, in April of 1862, the North Carolina General Military Hospital No. 2 was established in Wilson in what had once been the Wilson Female Seminary. Dr. Solomon Sampson Satchwell, who had graduated from Wake Forest College and studied medicine at New York University before serving as a military surgeon with the Twenty-fifth North Carolina Infantry, was appointed Surgeon-in-Charge. In the 1864 Confederate States Medical and Surgical Journal the Wilson hospital was listed as one of twenty-one principal hospitals in North Carolina. It served those wounded in fighting along the coast.
“The hospital made Wilson known outside of the state of North Carolina. Employing thirty-five to forty people, it also boosted the local economy. Most nurses and orderlies were unskilled soldiers; however, at least seven local women were known to have worked at the hospital as matrons. Their duties included food preparation and cleaning. The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad that ran through Wilson provided the military hospital with supplies, including ice and turpentine, used to treat fevers.
“Fighting never broke out in Wilson, but, on July 20, 1863, ‘an immense armament of negroes and Yankees’ advanced on Wilson. Reportedly, a group of invalids from the hospital and local militia defended Wilson by destroying the bridge over the Toisnot Swamp to halt the invaders. All of those who died at the hospital were buried in a mass grave. The hospital closed at the end of the war. When Wilson created a town cemetery, they were re-interred there with a Confederate monument erected over the site. Wilson Female Seminary reopened in the former hospital and received a charter as Wilson Collegiate Institute in 1872.”
The interpretive signboard in front of the building, erected by the North Carolina Civil War Trails program (and badly in need of a good wash), reads:
“This is the only known surviving portion of one of Wilson’s earliest school buildings, the Wilson Female Academy, which also served as a Confederate hospital during the war. Wilson’s location on the Wilmington & Weldon Railroad, the principal north-south line that was linked to Virginia in Weldon by the Petersburg Railroad, made the town a good site for a hospital after the war began. On April 1, 1862, Confederate authorities seized the building for use as a general military hospital.
“Dr. Solomon S. Satchwell, the surgeon in charge, turned the forty classrooms and other rooms into wards and treated hundreds of patients there. The frame, two-story building had a two-hundred-foot-long facade and a large one-story rear addition. It also had dozens of large windows, essential for summer ventilation.
“Soldiers who died there of wounds or disease were buried near the academy grounds. In 1894, they were reinterred under a burial mound in Maplewood Cemetery two blocks north of here. The Confederate monument on top of the mound was dedicated on May 10, 1902.
“Edmund G. Lind, a British architect who emigrated to New York in 1855 and subsequently practiced in Maryland, North Carolina, and Georgia, designed the Italianate-style school building. It was completed in 1859 about two blocks south of here. After the war, the former female academy and hospital served as Wilson Collegiate Institute from 1872 until it closed in 1898, when the building was separated into housing units. This section, part of the school’s rear addition, was moved here in 2005 and rehabilitated.”
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Typically, the historical marker essay makes no mention of the men and women performing the hospital’s essential grunt work. Enslaved men and women toiled as nurses, cooks, and laundresses, and the reports Dr. Satchwell was required to file regularly reveal their names.
Daniel, Samuel, Benjamin, Edy, Annie, Sarah, William, Francis, Flora, Eli, Jerry, Matilda, Harmon, Hoyt, Martha, Dorcas, Laura, Mary, Oliver, Alvana, Alfred, George, America, Isabella, Harriet, Rachel, Henry, Joseph, General, Ansley, Tilda, Minerva, Delphia, Maria, Mahala, Nicey, Chaney, Esther, Eliza, Tom, and Charles cooked, cleaned, and cared for wounded Confederate soldiers over the next two years. Pomeroy P. Clark, a Connecticut-born buggy manufacturer who arrived in Wilson in 1851, had a near-monopoly over the provision of enslaved people to the hospital, supplying almost all of the men and women named above.
Muster Roll dated 1 April 1862 showing enslaved people, at bottom left, rented to the Confederate Hospital.
This is curious. P.P. Clark is listed in 1850 slave schedule of Nash County, North Carolina, as the owner of four enslaved people. In the 1860 census of Wilson, Wilson County, he is described as a lumber manufacturer with $2000 in personal property, but is not listed in the slave schedule. We know that in 1860 Clark bought four enslaved people from John P. Clark as trustee of Nancy B. Clark. The adult in this group of four, a woman named Peggy, is not named as a hospital laborer. Peggy had once belonged to Henry Flowers, whose daughter was Nancy B. Clark. Flowers’ estate also included enslaved women named America and Isabelle, and an enslaved man named Henry (known as Harry), who married a woman named Flora around 1859. These four match names of people put to work at the Confederate Hospital, but who were the others? If Clark (who himself worked at the hospital as steward were acting as a broker for other enslavers, would Dr. Satchwell have recorded the workers as “Negro slave hired of P.P. Clark”?
In addition to enslaved people, a few free people of color worked at Confederate Hospital No. 2. On 26 May 1864, Lemon Taborn and William Jones were hired to perform unspecified work at $11.00/month. Alexander Jones was hired five days later at the same rate and, on June 1, Mord. Hagans came aboard for $10/month. The Jones cousins appear in the 1860 census of Old Fields township, Wilson County, and Mordecai Hagans in the 1860 census of Nahunta township, Wayne County.
Muster Rolls, Hospital Department, Wilson, N.C., 1862-1864, War Department Collection of Confederate Records, National Archives and Records Administration; photos by Lisa Y. Henderson.
Farmer Charles A. Scott enlisted in the Confederate Army on 14 May 1862. He was hospitalized several times during his service and died 11 September 1863 in a Goldsboro, North Carolina, hospital.
Scott enslaved one person at the time of his death, a man named Lewis. David Ammons Scott, administrator of Charles Scott’s estate, hired Lewis out to Matthew V. Peele of Cross Roads township, Wilson County, for a period of just over a year.
Acount of the hire of Lewis be longing to estate of Charles A Scott Dec.d hired out from the 30th of November 1863 to the 2nd of January 1865 Said Lewis to be furnished with Provisions and the following clothing to wit, three Suits of clothes one of which is to be woolen one hat one Blanket one pair socks two pair of shoes by his hirer and to be returned to me at the court house in the Town of Wilson on the 2nd day of January 1865 the hirer will be Required to give Bond with approved security before the delivery of negro David A. Scott Admr.
